Friday, November 29, 2019

Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony Competition

Concepts and Theories Majority of companies employs both consumer-oriented approaches and organization-oriented approaches to increase sales and promote customer loyalty. Information obtained through market research enables an organization to introduce a new type of product popular among consumers or improve an existing product to make it more useful.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony Competition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the information from market research enables a company to focus on promotional activities and pricing to increase sales. Companies dealing in technology products engage in product-orientation approach to attract more customers than the other players in the market. This involves innovative products that are high-tech and with more user-friendly applications. Other companies establish relationships with retail shops to help in distribution of th eir products. Evidence and Analysis The competition between the three companies dealing in video game consoles i.e. Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony is stiff with each employing different marketing strategies to generate more revenue and build a competitive advantage. The focus on younger generation customers who form the bulk of the customers contributed to the increase in competition. Microsoft went a notch higher in 2001 by introducing the online gaming; Ethernet, which allows users to play video games online. The next generation video game technology has led to introduction of mobile gaming by Nintendo and Sony’s play Station Portable (PSP) device which are more user-friendly; a move enhanced by the availability of Wi-Fi and broadband in most residential homes. Microsoft’s strategy involves cutting down the cost of production by moving its console manufacturing department to Asia. Microsoft also strategized to release its Xbox 360 earlier before the other competitors, thus ensuring market dominance in next-generation consoles. Microsoft’s product promotions and advertising involving cooperation with partners created consumer awareness and usefulness of the Xbox 360. Implications Competition in the console technology has led to establishment of partnerships with retail stores like Wal-Mart and Target to promote distribution of their products. The competition has also led to companies increasing their production line to include a wide range of products. Microsoft in 2006, developed PC models with features that provide a unique online gaming experience to the users. Nintendo resorted to mobile gaming by introducing the Gaming boy Advance in 2001, selling more than 75 million units. Sony on the other hand, entered the mobile gaming market segment with the introduction of Play station portable (PSP); another hit in the market.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competition between the three companies also focused on innovative approaches to win over customers. Microsoft’s introduction of Xbox 360 in 2005 was followed by an advanced Xbox live that improved the gaming experience. The improved version coupled with strong marketing strategies allowed Microsoft to record sales of 10.4 million units of X-box lives 360. Sony’s lapse in marketing its liquid crystal display (LCD) led to shrinking market share in 2006. In addition, the production costs for the PS3’s were high and the soft ware developers did not get sufficient time to make compatible software. Nintendo focused on producing unique and cheap products as opposed to expensive products sold by the other competitors. Such cheap products include Nintendo’s Wii that is low-tech but appealing to majority of the users. Conclusion and Recommendation Microsoft employed cooperation with partners to successfully market its products and ensu ring that the products are innovative and high-tech enhanced its market dominance in console technology. Sony relied on high-tech products including the PS3 to increase its market and gain more revenue. Nintendo opted for strategies that involve innovative but cost-cutting approaches through production of low-tech Wii consoles. For a company to get a competitive advantage and gain more revenue, it should focus on producing high-tech products that meet consumer needs through innovation and reduction of production costs. This assessment on Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony Competition was written and submitted by user Eliana Ware to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Science Fair Project Ideas for Environmental Problems

Science Fair Project Ideas for Environmental Problems Are you interested in doing a science fair project that involves the environment, ecology, pollution, or other environmental issues? Here are some science fair project ideas that involve environmental science problems. Environmental Processes Does the pH of rain or other precipitation (snow) vary according to ​the  season?Is the pH of rain the same as the pH of soil?Can you use a plant to gauge the level of air pollution?Can you use plants to remove air pollutants?Can you use algae to remove water pollutants?How does soil composition change with depth?What organisms can you use as indicator organisms to alert you to a dangerous environmental condition in the environment?How can you simulate acid rain? Studying Environmental Damage What effect does the presence of phosphates have, if any, on the oxygen level of water in a pond?How does an oil spill affect marine life?How much lead is in your soil? How much mercury is in your soil?How much electronic pollution is there in your home? Can you find a way to measure it?How much copper can plants tolerate?How does the presence of soap or detergent in water affect plant growth? What about seed germination or propagation?How far away from an animal pen do you need to be for there to be no fecal bacteria contamination of the soil or water? Researching Solutions Can you use gray water (water that has been used for bathing or washing) to water your plants? Does it matter what type of soap you used for your cleaning? Are some plants more tolerant of gray water than others?Are carbon filters as effective with chlorinated or fluoridated water as they are with water that does not contain chlorine or fluoride?How can you minimize the volume taken up by trash?How much trash can be recycled or composted?How can you prevent soil erosion?What type of car antifreeze is most friendly to the environment?What type of de-icer is most friendly to the environment?Are there non-toxic methods that can be used to control mosquito populations?

Friday, November 22, 2019

Comparative Analysis of Two Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparative Analysis of Two Teachers - Essay Example To begin with, this teacher, whose class was supposed to start after our lunch period, always started her class not on time, but 30 minutes early. Meaning that rather than having an hour to rest between classes, on the days that I had this particular science class, my classmates and I ended up wolfing down our lunches and running to class, sometimes while still chewing, in order not to miss the start of the session. I hated the days when I had this class specifically for this reason. It was bad enough that all she did was have us draw diagrams and jot down notes as she wrote it on the board, but she oftentimes failed to accurately explain the science lesson as well. To make matters even worse, this teacher warned us that if we failed 2 short quizzes and her single long exam, we could forget the quarterly exams, fail the standard quizzes and we got an automatic fail in her class.   This was in stark contrast to my teacher in English whom we all adored because of her compassion for h er students. She knew that our class could be boring because of all the text that we had to read and understand so she developed ways to keep us interested in her class. She used role-playing activities, student oral presentations, and film viewings to her advantage. There was not a student who did not love her because she treated her students as equals rather than subordinate students. She allowed us to have an opinion and she always encouraged open discussion of the class topic. She never said a student had a wrong answer.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Anti Drinking Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anti Drinking Campaign - Essay Example The purpose of the college is to develop all round persons through following the college’s core values such as excellence and efficiency, responsiveness, positive collaborations, hard work, teamwork, diversity as well as honesty and adherence to ethical practices. This paper presents an anti-drinking campaign proposal for Kings College board of directors regarding the college’s reputation for being a party college notorious for underage drinking for so long. Underage drinking remains a leading problem in Kings College as well as a public health problem in America. About five thousand young people under twenty one years of age die each year as a result of underage drinking from alcohol related poisoning, car crushes, suicides, injuries and homicides. Besides being illegal, underage drinking remains widespread with youths within age 12-20 reported to undertake binge drinking in a 2009 underage drinking statistics representing 10.4 million youths in the United States. It c ould be attributed to, but not limited to, peer pressure, stress and the desire for or increased independence. The observed signs of underage drinking in Kings College encompass behavioral and academic problems in school, less care in physical appearance and/or interest in college activities, coordination problems and varying groups of friends. In addition, college students have problems relating to slurred speech, memory and concentration, mood swipes, little energy levels as well as getting a scent of alcohol on their breath and finding alcohol in their belongings. The dangers of underage drinking include impaired judgment, serious injuries, increased risks of sexual and physical assault, interference with brain development, increased risks of future alcohol related problems, the use of other drugs and trouble with the law and in school (NIAAA, 2012; Hanes, 2012). This ant-drinking campaign hailed as ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ remains an impactful advertisemen t which intends to stimulate personal review of drinking conduct and resilient condemnation of public drunkenness that could cause both emotional and physical harm, especially of innocent persons. The ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ campaign became well-versed by extensive consultation and research about how underage students feel about the deep-rooted cultural insights existing in America regarding alcohol consumption, public drunkenness and excessive drinking. The campaign builds on the positive comebacks to the successful drinking awareness campaigns. It would establish an innovative thought and meaning in relation to a certain aspects of alcohol consumption among underage college students, that is, to emphasize the disadvantage of losing control of one’s sense of self, a widely held drinking myth in contemporary American society. The advertisement campaign features taped laughter, reflecting the point that lots of underage college students do regard certai n drunken tricks as being rather funny. Then it progresses to a dramatic end where the laughter discontinues, and the viewer becomes challenged through a question: â€Å"Are you honest with yourself?†. The ‘Underage Drinking!!! Think Again’ campaign would go on for the next one year. The CCTV based advertisement would run on the college’

Monday, November 18, 2019

Hospitality and Tourism Strategic Planning Essay

Hospitality and Tourism Strategic Planning - Essay Example The rooms of this hotel had the facility of running water, though cold, and the air condition luxury in its public rooms. It was in the year 1947 when a hotel named Roosevelt Hilton was launched at New York City. This hotel pioneered in providing its guest rooms with televisions. By the year 1948, the Hilton Hotel was identified as the first hotel company to come up with the new system of multi–hotel reservation. This gave birth to the modern reservation system that is used today (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). As years passed, the company paced up its innovations and came up with new concepts and approaches every now and then. The introduction of sewing kit and a booklet containing important and useful names and numbers for the female travellers brought the company to limelight. Improvement in its technical side is characterized by the â€Å"brand–wide direct telephone service† launched by the company in the year 1957. The introduction of airport hotel based concept w as cheered by the business purpose travellers. Hilton came up with its first Airport hotel in the year 1963, the San Francisco Airport Hilton and was a pioneer in this approach. Ten years down the line from this period, i.e., by 1973 Hilton once again came up with an innovative idea of centralized reservation system making a breakthrough improvement in its customer care service (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). Again in the year 1987, Hilton was seen to introduce its first program for guest loyalty called the Hilton HHonors (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). It was later in the year 2008, when Hilton Vancouver Washington made history by being certified by both Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) along with Green Seal (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). Its latest development was in the year 2010 with the launch of the spa facility at various locations such as the United States, China and Thailand (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). This paper intends to analyze the various strategies and the impacts of internal and external environment on Hilton Hotels & Resorts. An effort to develop a strategic plan emphasizing on the risk management factor of business strategy shall also be one of the highlighting sections of the paper. Environmental Analysis of Hilton Hotels & Resorts The purchasing of medium and small–sized hotels has been in Hilton’s practice right from 1970s. The attention towards acquiring a huge amount of real estate was the main focus of Hilton. The lodging assets of Hilton Group Plc amounted to GBP 3.3 billion in the year 2006, thus making Hilton the largest company in the field of lodging (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2005). There has been a recent change in trend of the company and it has shifted to expand its operations by the process of franchising instead of merely acquiring real estates. This company mainly operates in the United States but also has its presence in various other major city locations such as Sao Paulo, Toronto, Lo ndon, Sydney, Paris, Shanghai, Rome, Stockholm and Beijing (HotelsGrid, 2012). It was in the year 2007 when Hilton Hotel was acquired by the Blackstone Group for money worth of US$20.1 billion (Morrison, 2007). Prior to the event of

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Analysis Of Rayleigh Step Bearings Biology Essay

Analysis Of Rayleigh Step Bearings Biology Essay According to importance and application of slider bearings in industries, investigation and analysis of this type of bearings are significant and inevitable issue. A widely used bearing type is the slider bearings with application in many cases such as different types of engines, compressors, turbines, electric motors and electric generators. To ensure that no contact occurs between the opposing surfaces, the dimensions of the bearing surface are chosen, such that a lubricant film of sufficient thickness is available under all operating conditions. The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication assumes that the inertia forces in the fluid film are negligible. For large bearings using low kinematic viscosity lubricant or for high speed, the inertia forces could be important. So the inertia terms should be entered in the calculations. This increases the accuracy of obtained responses and closes them to reliable results. Rayleigh bearing is designed in 1918 by Lord Rayleigh. He was first person who considered the concept of optimization design in lubrication applications and obtained an optimum design for an infinite-length stepped bearing by the use of a variation technique (Lord Rayleigh, 1918). Since then, there have been some studies on the characteristics of step bearings. Dowson (1962) introduced the generalized Reynolds equation, which allows for cross-film temperature variations. Then, this equation solved with realistic THD boundary conditions by Ezzat and Rohde (1973) using the finite difference method. Boncompain, et al. (1986) improved the numerical model by considering reverse flow, fluid-film rupture and elastic deformations (THD solution). Auloge et al. (1983) studied the optimum design of Rayleigh step bearing and determined the relationships between step location and height along with non-Newtonian lubricants. The same method was used by Fillon and Khonsari (1996) in tracing design c harts for tilting-pad journal bearings. Jianming and Gaobing (1989) have presented the optimum design of one-dimensional Rayleigh step bearing with non-Newtonian lubricants. Tello (2003) has theoretically studied the regularity of the solution to the Reynolds equation in Rayleigh step type bearings for both compressible and incompressible fluids by employing a rigorous mathematical approach. Besides, there are many research works in which the well known Reynolds equation was solved by different numerical schemes in predicting the lubricant pressure field in step bearings (Hideki, 2005; Dobrica and Fillon, 2005). Rahmani et al. (2009) comprehensively studied the Rayleigh step slider bearing including the effect of variations of pressure at the boundaries on the optimum parameters. The bearing is also optimized considering the lubricant flow rate, friction force and friction coefficient. In all of the above studies, the Reynolds equation was solve as the governing equation for calculation of lubricant pressure distribution in bearing lubricant flow. This equation is a simplified form of the momentum equation by neglection of fluid inertia terms. It is clear that under the condition of low lubricant viscosity and high runner surface velocity, this equation may lead to unreliable results. In the present study which a numeric one, the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved by CFD method with considering the variation of lubricant viscosity with temperature. By this technique the THD characteristics of Rayleigh slider bearings running under different steady conditions are explored. 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION The schematic and coordinate system of Rayleigh slider bearing is shown in Fig. 1. The bottom wall of the step bearing moves with constant velocity U (runner velocity). The sudden change in film thickness generates a hydrodynamic pressure field that supports an applied load W. At the inlet section, the oil film is entered at 40oC with combination of Poiseuille and Couette flows. The total length of the bearing is and the film thicknesses before and after the step location are and , respectively. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSgeometryasli.wmf Fig. 1: Sketch of problem geometry Two important geometrical factors in step bearings are (1) (2) In these explanations, and represents the bearing length ratio and the bearing height ratio, respectively, which are two important bearing geometrical factors. 3. THEORY 3.1. Governing equations For lubricant flow in bearings, the governing equations which are written for a two-dimensional, steady, incompressible, laminar and variable viscosity flow consist of the continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations. These equations in non-dimensional forms can be written as: (3) (4) (5) (6) Where and represent the dimensionless viscous source terms: (7) (8) And is the dimensionless viscous dissipation term: (9) Also the dimensionless oil viscosity based on Vogel equation can be calculated as follows: (10) In this expression, is the temperature-viscosity coefficient of the lubricant. The value of can is determined using two given viscosity values at and as follows (Khonsari and Booser, 2008): (11) In equations 3 to 9, the following non-dimensional groups are used: (12) In these definitions, is the thermal diffusivity of the lubricant and is the inlet lubricant viscosity. The main physical quantities of interest in lubrication study are the load capacity and friction force that can be computed using the lubricant velocity and temperature fields. The load capacity of the step bearing per unit width is obtained by further integration of lubricant pressure distribution on the runner surface as follows: (13) The friction force of the step bearing per unit width is calculated by the shear stress on the bottom wall as follows: (14) Where: (15) 3.2. Boundary conditions The entire domain is fully flooded, such that oil pressure at the inlet and outlet sections of the bearing is set to zero atmospheric gauge pressure. Also the no-slip condition is employed on all boundary solid walls. At the inlet section, oil enters into bearing with uniform temperature of and a specified velocity distribution which is a combination of the poiseulle and cuette flows whose pressure gradient is determined by numerical solution of the Reynolds equation. At the outlet section, zero axial gradients for all dependent variables are employed. Finally, the adiabatic condition is imposed on all of the bearing solid surfaces. 4. SOLUTION PROCEDURE Finite difference forms of the continuity, momentum and energy equations were obtained by integrating over an elemental cell volume with staggered control volumes for the x- and y- velocity components. Other variables of interest were computed at the grid nodes. The nondimensionalized governing equations were discretized by using the hybrid scheme and numerically solved by the SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar and Spalding (Patankar and Spalding, 1972). Numerical solutions were obtained iteratively by the line-by-line method progressing in axial direction. The iterations were terminated when the sum of the absolute residuals was less than for each equation. Numerical calculations were performed by writing a computer program in FORTRAN. mesh asli11 Fig. 2: A schematic of grid generation As shown in figure 2, the computational domain is divided into three blocks, each having Nx points in x-direction and Ny points in y-direction. The mesh is non-uniform in x- and y- directions, because the grid refinement around the step is necessary to capture the occurrence of the recirculation and other flow changes due to the sudden change in geometry. As the result of grid tests for obtaining the grid-independent solutions, an optimum grid is determined in grid study. Five different numbers of grid size inside the total rectangular computational domain including the blocked-off region with their related numerical results are listed in Table 1. According to this grid study, an optimum grid of 640120 is used in all of the subsequent test cases. Table 1: Grid independent study, Grid size Bearing friction force (KN/m) Bearing load capacity (KN/m) 45080 0.231 16.45 540110 0.217 17.17 590110 0.231 17.48 640120 0.239 17.51 680140 0.241 17.52 5. VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL RESULTS To test the validity of the present numerical results, computations were carried out for a test case and the computed results were compared with the theoretical findings by other investigators. The lubricant pressure distribution on the bottom wall and the temperature distribution on the top wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005) are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayervalidation with Ogata(temprature)Plot validation with OgataCJS.wmf Fig. 3: Lubricant pressure distribution on the bottom wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005), The generated hydrodynamic pressure by the sudden contraction in flow domain is clearly seen in Fig. 3, such that at the entrance of narrow gap of the bearing, the maximum lubricant pressure occurs, and at the inlet and outlet sections, lubricant flow in at atmospheric pressure (zero gauge pressure). D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayervalidation with Ogata(temprature)Plot validation with OgataCJS temp.wmf Fig. 4: Temperature distribution on the top wall of the Hideki bearing (Hideki, 2005), Fig. 4 shows that the lubricant temperature increases along the flow direction because of the viscous dissipation in both domains upstream and downstream of the step. Such that, the rate of temperature increase in upstream region to the step is very greater than that is in downstream domain. It is due to this fact that the viscous dissipation in lubricant flow with small film thickness is high in comparison to lubricant flow with large film thickness. However, good consistencies are observed between the present numerical results with theoretical findings by Hideki (Hideki, 2005) about computations of both lubricant pressure and temperature distributions. 6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In this research work, the THD characteristics of Rayleigh step bearings are obtained by numerical solution of the Navier-Stocks and energy equations using the CFD technique. An attempt is made for obtaining the effects of important parameters including the runner surface velocity, bearing length ratio and bearing height ratio on thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of Rayleigh step bearings. All of the subsequent figures are about a Rayleigh step bearing whose properties and geometrical parameters are given in Table 2. Table 2: Bearing parameters and lubricant properties Parameters Units Values in present work b m 0.08-0.12 h1  µm 480 U m/s 10-30 Tin 40 Ï  860 Cp 2000 Kf 0.13  µ at 40 C 0.03  µ at 100 C 0.0045 0.28-0.98 1.2-2.5 First the oil flow pattern inside the bearing is shown in figure 5 by plotting the fluid velocity vectors. The adverse pressure gradient in the upstream flow domain before the step location which leads to hydrodynamic pressure generation causes a concave shape for velocity distribution. Such that the velocity distribution changes to convex shape after the step where there is a favorable pressure gradient. Behind the step surface near to the stationary wall, a circulated flow domain happens which is due to the effects of both viscous friction and positive pressure gradient in this region. As another result that can be seen from Fig. 5, one can notice to almost stationary flow region in block 1 (see Fig. 2). Therefore, the lubricant average velocity across blocks 2 and 3 remains approximately constant. C:UserszahraDesktopUntitled.png Fig. 5: Velocity vectors in step bearing lubricant flow, In Fig. 6, the lubricant pressure distributions along the bottom wall at five different values for the runner surface velocity are shown. It is seen that the velocity of moving surface has considerable effect on the value of generate hydrodynamic lubricant pressure, such that oil pressure has an increase trend by increase in velocity under a unique pattern. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of speed runner.pkspeed runner.wmf Fig. 6: Effect of runner surface velocity on lubricant pressure distribution along the bottom wall, A similar study is done for investigating the effect of runner velocity on thermal behaviour of step bearing in Fig. 7. It is seen in this figure that bearings with high runner surface velocity operate under high temperature condition. Besides, it is depicted in Fig. 7 that in both domains before and after the step, lubricant temperature increases along the flow direction because of the viscous dissipation. Also, it is seen that the oil temperature at the outlet section is affected strongly by the runner velocity, such that the bearings with high velocity have high temperature lubricant flow at their outlet sections. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare speed of runner.TpTshaftTshaft.wmf Fig. 7: Effect of runner surface velocity on lubricant temperature distribution along the bottom wall, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of epsilonepsilon.wmf Fig. 8: Effect of bearing length ratio on lubricant pressure distribution along the runner surface, The lubricant pressure distributions along the runner surface at four different values of the bearing length ratios are illustrated in Fig. 8. It is evident that the location of maximum pressure moves toward the downstream side by increasing in bearing length ratio, because the step location moves toward this sense when increases. Besides, it can be found from Fig. 8 that there is an optimum value for bearing length ratio to obtain the most value for lubricant maximum hydrodynamic pressure. It is depicted in Fig. 8 that this value for bearing length ratio in this test case is. Therefore, is an important parameter in step bearings that has great effects on lubricant pressure and consequently in bearing load capacity. The effect of bearing length ratio of thermal behavior of step bearing is studied in Fig. 9 by plotting the lubricant temperature distributions on the runner surface for bearings with different length ratios. This figure shows that the effect of on temperature distribution is less than its effect of the hydrodynamic lubricant pressure. However, this figure depicts that bearings with length ratio greater that run cooler than the bearings with small less than. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare of epsilonCompare Tshaft of epsilonTshaft.wmf Fig. 9: Effect of bearing length ration on lubricant temperature distribution along the runner surface, The variations of lubricant maximum pressure and temperature with bearing length ratio are presented in Fig. 10. This figure reveals the same trends for THD characteristics of step bearing those have been shown in the previous figures. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Epsilon moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ep.P.T.wmf Fig. 10: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing length ratio, In order to study more about the effect of bearing length ratio on THD characteristics of step bearings, the variations of bearing load capacity and friction force with are plotted in Fig. 11. This figure presents that there is a maximum value for load capacity that takes place at =0.718. Besides, it is revealed from Fig. 11 that in bearings with high length ratio, low friction force exists in comparison to bearings with small values for . D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Epsilon moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ep.w.f.wmf Fig. 11: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing length ratio, Similar study is also done for investigating the effect of bearing height ratio on THD characteristics of step bearings by plotting the lubricant pressure and temperature distributions and also the variations of load capacity and friction force with various values of the parameter . According to Figs. 12 and 13, it is revealed that the values of lubricant pressure and temperature increase by increasing in bearing height ratio. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of ksiksi.wmf Fig. 12: Effect of bearing height ratio on lubricant pressure distribution along the runner surface, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of TPcompare of ksiCompare Tshaft of kesiTshaft.wmf Fig. 13: Effect of bearing height ration on lubricant temperature distribution along the runner surface, This behavior is also presented by Fig. 14 in which the variations of maximum lubricant pressure and temperature are plotted with bearing height ratio. It is seen that both and have increasing trends with increase in the value of , such that the rate of increase in maximum temperature is greater than that is in maximum pressure. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Kesi moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ksi.P.T.wmf Fig. 14: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing height ratio, Fig. 15 shows a similar trend for bearing load capacity and friction force with the variation of height ratio. Such that it is seen in this figure that both load capacity and friction force increase with increasing in bearing height ratio. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Kesi moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of ksi.W.F.wmf Fig. 15: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing height ratio, In the following figures, an attempt is made to verify the influences of bearing length, b, on the THD characteristics of step bearings. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTScompare of PKcompare of length bearingcpmpare b.wmf Fig. 16: Effect of bearing length on lubricant pressure distribution along the bottom wall, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)TshaftTshaft.wmf Fig. 17: Effect of bearing length on lubricant temperature distribution along the bottom wall, It is seen from Figs. 16 to 19 that in long bearings, the values of lubricant pressure and temperature and consequently the amounts of maximum pressure and temperature are high that leads to have high bearing load capacity and bearing friction force. D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of length.p,T.without point.wmf Fig. 18: Variations of lubricant maximum pressure and lubricant maximum temperature with bearing length, D:payanameThermohydrodynamic with subroutin.mesh moteghayerPLOTSplot Lenght moteghayer(W.F.eta.etam)compare of length.w,f.without point.wmf Fig. 19: Variations of load capacity and friction force with bearing length, 7. CONCLUSION This paper deals a numerical study for investigating the THD characteristics of Rayleigh step bearings running under different steady conditions. The set of governing equations consisting of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations is solved by the CFD technique and the variation of lubricant viscosity with temperature is also considered into account. This mathematical model and numerical method lead to more accurate numerical results in comparison to those obtained before by other investigation with numerical solution of the Reynolds equation that neglects the fluid inertia terms. It is found that the thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of step bearing are affected considerably by the runner surface velocity and the bearing geometrical factors. Nomenclature B bearing length dimensionless velocity components upstream bearing length load capacity of bearing downstream bearing length horizontal and vertical coordinates Cp heat capacity dimensionless coordinates friction force of bearing upstream film thickness Greek symbols downstream film thickness friction coefficient step height modified friction coefficient Kf thermal conductivity dynamic viscosity width of bearing dimensionless dynamic viscosity origin of coordinate  µ1 dynamic viscosity at pressure  µ2 dynamic viscosity at pressure at the inlet kinematic viscosity pressure at the outlet density dimensionless pressure shear stress Pr Prandtl number Pe Peclet number Subscripts Re Reynolds number fluid Temperature inlet Tin inlet temperature maximum dimensionless temperature surface runner velocity velocity components

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Shakespeares Macbeth as a Tragic Hero Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth as a Tragic Hero According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, "The best tragic plot moves the hero from prosperity to misfortune, occasioned not by depravity, but by some great mistake he makes. The plot of Macbeth follows these basic guidelines; throughout the play we follow the path of the main character as his life is torn apart as a result of the colossal mistake he makes when he kills Duncan. It is for this and the many ensuing reasons that we can say that Macbeth accurately portrays the image of a tragic hero as outlined by Aristotle. Aristotle's first guideline for an effective tragic hero is someone that is basically good. While Macbeth does not exactly make sound moral decisions, toward the beginning of the play his conscience is fighting against his greed, and this demonstrates that he does have a basic level of goodness, although towards the end it is difficult to find it. For example, Macbeth says, "We will proceed no further in this business; he hath honored me of late, and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people..." This seems to be his conscience speaking out against the proposed killing of Duncan. It is, however, a very feeble protest, but this is probably due more to the passive tendencies he harbored before the first killing than to a lack of inner goodness. Macbeth was probably a good man in the beginning, but because he is easily influenced and as a result of his inability to make good decisions, it is easy to lose sight of that basic goodness that is undoubtedly in him. Aristotle also states that a hero should be lifelike. Although he never states exactly what he means, it is usually interpreted to mean that a tragic hero should seem like a real human b... ...whole mess in the beginning- in battle. In conclusion, these numerous different factors lead me to say that Macbeth can accurately be called a 'tragic hero'. Even at the most basic level of tragedy it is true, because there is a definite feeling of pity for him. Despite the fact that he ruthlessly murdered numerous prominent individuals, including his own king, there is still a sense of pity. While the audience ultimately feels relieved that Macbeth is justly punished at the expense of his own life, there is the feeling that he was really just a good guy who made some bad choices and got pulled into something way over his head. For this reason we sympathize with him, and out of the realization that this situation could quite possibly happen to any of us, fear and pity him as well. All these factors combined prove that Macbeth really is a tragic hero.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland

Imagine living in a turbulent world, where people lived their day to day lives praying that they would see the next sunrise. That was life for villagers that lived during the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans, as well as during the medieval period when Germanic tribes ruled Europe. To help them get through their very insecure days, people would tell oral stories of great heroes, like those of Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland. Achilles was a Greek war hero who fights in the Trojan War, a ten year long war between Greece and Troy (present day Turkey). Aeneas was an epic hero in ancient Roman folklore. He was a soldier who fought in the Trojan War and after surviving the destruction of Troy, he later founded the city of Rome. Roland was an epic hero of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present day France. All three of these heroes played vital roles in giving strength and hope to the peoples of their respective cultures. The Illiad was an epic written by a Greek poet named Homer. It takes place in the last days of the Trojan War. Achilles was an integral part of the war. He helped raise the Greek soldiers’ moral, he was an excellent fighter and swordsmen, and he killed Hector, who was the leader of the Trojan forces and son of the King of Troy. It is said that Achilles was half man and half god. He is the offspring of Peleus, King of Thessaly, and the sea nymph Thetis, who had dipped her infant son in the river Styx, thus making him invulnerable except for the hell by which she held him. In the epic, Homer gave Achilles many human characteristics, including revenge, anger, and love. He even gave him many challenges to overcome. In the beginning of the war, he did not fight because of an affront to his honor that angered him. However struck with grief when his dearest friend Patroclus is killed by Hector, he in revenge joins the war. Throughout the Illiad, this male protagonist is on a quest to reconcile selfhood and communal responsibility. After killing Hector, Achilles shows his humanity by sparing Priam, the King of Troy, when he sneaks in to the Greek camp. He even grants the kings request by giving back his dead son’s body, so that he can have a proper burial. He could have killed Priam and ended the ten year long war, however he chose to act on good virtue and morals and that showed his humanity. Aeneas, the Trojan born epic hero in Virgil’s Aeneid, was Rome’s mythical founder. His father was Prince Anchiseses, who was the second cousin of the King of Troy, King Priam. His mother was Venus, the god of love, beauty, and procreation. Like Achilles, Aeneas was also part god, part man. His mission was to gather any survivors from Troy and take them on a journey to Italy, where he will establish the city of Rome. On his journey however they end up settling in Carthage where he meets and has a long affair with the beautiful Carthaginian princess, Dido. While in Carthage, the messenger god, Mercury, leaves Aeneas a message. The message was to remind him to leave Carthage and proceed to Italy and end his love affair with princess Dido. Despite the fact that he loved Dido very much, his Stoic sense of duty overcomes his desire for personal fulfillment. That is the characteristic of a true hero. He told Dido that he never asked for any of what happened. He said if he had his way, he would be watching over the city of Troy, and caring for his people. Also, Priam’s palace would still be standing. The last thing he tells her was that he goes to Italy not because he wanted to. He was asked by the God’s to move to Italy and he will not fail the duties that are installed for him. That is what makes him a pious man. Roland, the last of the greatest epic heroes, was the nephew of Charlemagne, a Frankish chieftain who was crowned by the pope as â€Å"Emperor of the Romans. † In The Song of Roland, Roland was described as a very modest yet arrogant man. He said that he could strike great blows to the pagans with his sword, Durandel. In the story, he faced the challenge of halting the Muslim invasion of France. The Saracens were the Muslims invading France. He was described as a model medieval hero, because he was a natural Christian leader who was sent on a holy war to stop the Muslims from invading and converting France. He was a noble Frenchman, who died at the hand of power and land hungry, Islamic forces. At the end of the story, it is said that he died while he was chasing away the pagans. To this day, in the 21st century, homo sapiens still write stories about heroes that will save them and society. The number one characteristic that describes a hero is one that has a Stoic sense of duty that can overcome the desire for personal fulfillment. Achilles, Aeneas, and Roland were all created to create personal comfort for their people that lived in such a hectic and dangerous world. These three protagonists who were viewed by their cultures as gods also showed their people that they did portray human characterists (two out of the three even die) and that anyone can be like them if they tried. In a way they were used to inspire their respective residents to be better civilians in their community. If everyone could follow that, than living in a turbulent world would go from reality to fiction.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Japanese Culture and Literature Essay

The Japanese technology is leading the world these days. Especially with the mobile phone market is Japan far ahead of Europe and the United States. Although these progressions and innovations, two cliches still rule the thinking about the country. One is the fact that Japan is a small country, with no ethnic diversity, and has a high income per head. The other one is that Japan ‘imitates’; the idea that Japan does not make its own products, but tries to improve other products. Japan has of course its own creativity and its own cultural achievements, known throughout the world, such as the ‘tea ceremony’, ‘sumo wrestling’ and ‘sushi’. Japan’s economy, culture and civilization changed rapidly when the cultivation of rice was introduced, from China, in the fourth century BC. The nomadic life they used to live was changed for an agricultural one. They started to settle in villages and a new sense of economy and cooperation was established. This new sense of economic thinking also brought forth an ideal that still holds in the Japanese culture: the need of the group is more important than the need of the individual. The Japanese civilization developed very late in comparison with the civilizations found in Egypt, Greece, India or China. Japan, as consisting completely of small islands, stayed a long time being isolated from the rest of the world and therefore stayed a long time being a hunters-gatherers society. China had a great impact on the development of Japan. In the seventh and eighth century, China represented the most developed country in the world in those days. Before this Chinese influence that changed the political system in Japan, the political system consisted mainly of powerful warlords. These warlords and wealthy families established many different centers and Japan was not a unity. Finally one family succeeded in taking the power over the southern and central islands. This clan and its ‘emperor’ started the imperial line. After this establishment, many Chinese political models were introduced in Japan. Taxation systems, new law codes and the whole political administrative system were copied. This Chinese model did not seem to be the best for Japan. Land was divided among the population equally and the taxes were also equal for all the people. The emperor was the ruler and had absolute power and the administrators were chosen through examination and ability. In Japan, the emperors ruled with the family and kinship ties. There were no examinations or ability tests in the old Japan. The nobility did not want to leave their positions and government and laws started changing constantly. The introduction of Buddhism had a big impact on the Japanese society. The original Shinto religion was completed with Chinese and Korean Buddhism. Apparently, these two religions can co-exist well together. Buddhism can be seen as a ‘nature’ religion and because the people of Japan lived close to nature, this worked out fine. Shinto gave the people no hope beyond death, Buddhism did. Nature is not consistent, it is impermanent, and it keeps on changing and so does live. This concept of impermanence is not only seen in the culture and religion of Japan, but also in literature. Literary themes like suffering, life struggles, awareness of the transient nature of earthly things, is represented everywhere. Japanese Culture and Literature The Manyoshu The Manyoshu is the oldest collection of Japanese poetry. The title means â€Å"collection of ten thousand leaves†. The translation of the Japanese symbol ‘leave’ can also be translated as ‘age’ or ‘generation’. Therefore the collection is sometimes said to be the â€Å"collection for ten thousand ages†, which can be interpreted as a collection for the generations to come. At the time of the last dated poem, 759 AD, Japan had just changed into a society with a governing emperor, a new national identity and government and a new religious system. All these new influences came from neighboring country China, which had a big impact of the development of Japan economically, politically, religious and socially. Contacts with China also brought roads, irrigations works, harbors, new fabrics and pagodas to Japan. Japan was not just coping the Chinese ways, they made their own. This also meant the introduction of a new writing style, coming from the Chinese characters, but with a Japanese twist. It is amazing to see that the quality of the poems of the Manyoshu is very high. The experience and finesse of the writers is special for this collection and hard to find again in the poetry written in later ages. The passion, sincerity and innocence are attracting many people to reading the poems. There are basically two principal written forms used in the poems. The first one is the ‘choka’. This is a long poem with an indeterminate number of lines of alternating five and seven-syllable lines, ending with two seven-syllable phrases. It then has the pattern: 5-7-5, 7-5, 7-5, 7-5, †¦ , 7-7. The second poem form is the ‘tanka’, a short poem, written with a total of 31 syllables in the pattern 5-7-5, 7-7. The Manyoshu is often said to offer everything to the reader because there is so much variety to be found. For some it is also proof of the Japanese identity with its great creativity and complexity. References Keene, Donald. (Ed. ). (1994). Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. New York: Grove Press.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Miranda v. Arizona essays

Miranda v. Arizona essays The landmark Miranda v Arizona decision was rooted in the case of Ernesto Miranda. On March 13, 1963, a bank worker in Phoenix, Arizona was robbed of $8.00. Police suspected and arrested Ernesto Miranda for the theft. By this arrest, Miranda already had an extensive arrest record, including robbery, burglary, assault and attempted rape and a separate During the two hour questioning, Miranda was not offered a lawyer. During the interrogation, Miranda confessed to the theft of the $8.00. In addition, he also confessed to the kidnapping and the rape of an 18-year- old woman 11 days earlier. This confession was the most important piece of evidence that eventually led to Miranda's conviction for rape. He was Miranda's lawyers appealed the conviction for rape, arguing that Miranda did not understand how the Constitution's Fifth Amendment protected him from self-incrimination. The appeal was unsuccessful at the Arizona Supreme Court and was then heard at the United States Supreme Court. After hearing the arguments, the high court reversed the Arizona court's decision. Ernesto Miranda was granted a new trial, where his confession Despite the lack of a confession, however, Miranda was again convicted of rape and kidnapping on the basis of other evidence. After serving 11 years in jail, Miranda was released on parole in 1972. In 1976, Miranda was fatally stabbed during a fight. In an ironic twist, the suspect in Miranda's murder was read his "Miranda" rights and chose to exercise his The landmark Supreme Court ruling is one of Chief Justice Earl Warren's most famous decisions. In ruling for the defendant, the Warren court held that defendants who were engaged in a "custodial interrogation" like Miranda must be informed of their Fifth Amendment before being ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Land Grabbing in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land Grabbing in Africa - Essay Example Land grabbing in East Africa causes imbalance between the efforts to build sustainable systems that comprehensively try to resolve land-related tensions and interests, as well as pursuits to economic development (Palmer, 2012). Due to this, Heads of States of Africa and Governments have adopted Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in East Africa. This is to inspire and prompt countries to develop land policies that take into account their particular needs. The presence of continental framework and guidelines and normative instruments like the 11 principles laid out on the Right to Food by the UN Special Rapporteur ensure economic development without weakening the development of any population group. The World Bank plays a greater role in the land grabbing in East Africa. It refers to the land grabbing as agro-investment and makes room for it by creating seven voluntary principles to make the practice of agro-investment responsible. All the seven principles are supposed to safeguard the East Africa’s land from being grabbed. However, this is just a mirage, for these principles are not adhered to, they are just there as beautifying statements. This, therefore, makes the transactions regarding land negative for both the buyer of the land and the seller. Wealthy States are the main causes of the increase in rural poverty that drives many people off the land that they have for generations farmed (Pearce, 2012). For example, there are major environmental and agricultural damage along River Niger caused by the International Land Coalition. This is a global network of civil society and farmers’ organization. Forestry and small scale farming that protects food, unique wildlife and heritage is slowly being converted to wastelands that only profit agribusinesses. Multinational companies in a greater number that vastly exceed the usage by the local communities are using natural resources. As a result, the land’s

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Computer networking and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Computer networking and management - Essay Example The protocol constitutes two layers; one is the TLS Record Protocol and the other is TLS handshake protocol. Netgear (2005) further discusses that TLS Record Protocol is a layered protocol. There are different contents for messages at every layer; messages may contain fields for length or details about the message. Record Protocol performs a series of functions; takes the data/message which is desired to be transmitted to the other end, divides the data into smaller blocks, performs the compression function on the data if needed, applies a MAC and encrypts the message according to it and then finally transmits the result. The data which is received at the target server is decrypted, then verified if it has come from the expected host, decompressed and finally passed onto the target host. TLS Record has two main properties, which are discussed below: Connection between the two communicating entities is private. The technique that is used for data encryption is symmetric cryptography. The connection is secure because the key for this symmetric cryptography is unique for every connection, which is communicated between the two connecting applications by another protocol- TLS Handshake Protocol. If security of the connection can be compromised then it is possible to utilize the Record Protocol without encryption. Another characteristic about the protocol is that it provides a reliable connection; this is possible due to the provision of a message integrity check which works on a keyed MAC. The security of MAC is ensured by computing it with a secure hash functions. TLS Handshake Protocol gives a medium for the client and server to authenticate each other and to decide an encryption algorithm. Cryptographic keys are also negotiated among the two applications before any data is transferred or received by either. The steps for TLS handshake protocol are defined in the figure below; The negotiation process of the encryption algorithm is also secure therefore